African+Liberation



The Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa: Liberation of Non-Settler Africa: Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies:
 * Local rebellions arise from the forced conscription of soldiers; conditions of life worsen during the war.
 * Europeans do not hold true to pre-war promises, rebellions become even stronger
 * African nationalist leaders like Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois had on impact on black nationalist movements but often failed to relate to the situation of blacks in Africa.
 * The negretitude literary movement sought to combat the racial stereotyping that has soo long affected Africans psychologically.
 * WWI proves to be an even more disruptive war for African societies; African colonies fight only to meet the same racial discrimination as before.
 * Wartime needs of European nations spurred African development and infrastructure that was for so long blocked by the West.
 * One path to decolonization in Africa was the one taken by Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, where once peaceful protests turned violent because of the repression from Western powers.
 * Kwame, not concerned with political power, resigned for his party and created the Convention People's Party, which signaled the arrival mass rallies, boycotts etc.
 * The transfer of power from the British to Kwame in 1957 by proclaiming him the first prime minister of an independent Ghana portrayed the transition of power that took nearly a decade.
 * By 1960 all of France's western colonies were free.
 * The British had quickly suppressed the guerrilla warfare and eliminated the violent attacks led by the Kenya African Union**.**
 * The Land Freedom Army attack the British and the settlers in an attempt to gain their independence.

The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa:
 * Afrikaners began to develop the idea of white racist supremacy; struggle would be taking back **their** land
 * Black Africans had no right to vote, they could not organize meetings or from political parties
 * When the Afrikaner National Party had risen, the party was committed to remove British control and acquire white dominance over political, social, and economic life.

Convention People's Party || Kwane Nkrumab || Yes || Mendela - African National Congress Ghandi || No - Apartheid ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || France || FLN organized against revolt || Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella || Yes ||
 * Angola || 1975 || Portugal || Guerilla Warfare || Holden Alvaro Roberto ||  ||
 * Belgian Congo || 1960 || Belgium - Leopald II || Belgium gave the people independence; people fought over who would rule || Patrice Lumumba- 1st prime minister of the republic of Congo ||  ||
 * Ghana || 1957 || Britian || Peaceful movements organized by Kwane Nkrumab
 * Guinea || 1958 || France ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Kenya || 1963 ||  || Violent revolution || Jomo Kenyatta - Kenyan African Union ||   ||
 * Madagascar || 1960 || France || They had a diverse society; MDRM organized revolt against French || Tsiranana; de Gaule, Adriamantjato || Yes ||
 * South Africa || 1910 || Dutch || Forced colonization of south africa - Shaka Zulu mobilized armies to resist || Jan Smuts - Prime Minister
 * South Africa ||
 * South Africa ||