Civilizations+in+Decline



European Intervention Reform programs European Intervention Reform programs
 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * Causes of Decline
 * Succession of weak rulers that brought political corruption
 * Ineffective in their commend of the empire
 * Competition within the elite faction eroded effective rule
 * Russian acquisition of lands from Ottomans in the Balkans
 * .Istanbul repeatedly threatened by Russian forces.
 * Greek revolts against Ottoman rule
 * Serbian uprising that proved to be very costly
 * Selim II attempted to improve administrative efficiency and military strength
 * Mahmud II turned against the Janissaries b/c they began to cause havoc and overthrow sultans,
 * Tanzimat reforms aimed to make universities on western lines and establish national infrastructure
 * Abdul hamid attempted to return to despotic absolutism - pushed for westernization || Causes of Decline
 * European capture of far-flung Ottoman empire creates a sense of despair among Ottomans
 * Islamic civilization is replaced by the Christian West as the leading center of learning
 * Napoleons Invasion of Egypt in 1798 sent shock waves throughout the Muslim World.
 * .Europeans besiege Muslim World and constrict possible resources and territories
 * Orabi attempts to start a revolution; british interfere and place dictator regime


 * Muhammed Ali emerges as an effective ruler that promotes Westernization
 * Complex mix of pro-westernization and conservative forces in the Muslim world ||

The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China

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