Nationalism,+Industrialization+and+Imperialism

Nationalism
As revolutions swept through the Atlantic in the late 18th and early 19th centuries people came to identify themselves as part of a community called a nation.

1. Complete the who, what, when, where, why analysis of the Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty of Westphalia
 * What?
 * The Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 Years War between the Catholic and Protestant and the political struggles b/w the Holy Roman Empire and other nations.
 * When?
 * The treaty was negoitiated from 1644 to 1648 and was signed in 1648.
 * Where?
 * Territorial changes gave Sweden control of the Baltic Sea and ensured France a firm frontier west of the Rhine River. Independence was confirmed for the Netherlands and for the Swiss Confederation. The treaties also confirmed the Peace of Augsburg and extended the religious toleration of Lutherans to include toleration of the Reformed (Calvinist) Church. The Holy Roman Empire was forced to recognize its German princes as absolute sovereigns in their own dominions, which greatly weakened its central authority. (Answers.com)
 * Why?
 * This treaty began the "era of sovereign nation-states" because now certain boundries were defined and nationalism could actually develop in each of these respective regions.

2. Define nationalism in your own words: Take notes on the following. Make sure you connect the events back to nationalism. 3. Summarize the global impact of nationalism (limit to 200 words/ 1/2 page)
 * Nationalism is the belief that a group of demographically-similiar people are entitled to build their own nation-states; these nation-states are in turn entitled to maintain their own soveringty. This soviergnty would ensure their self-determination from other nations and allow the nation to remain free from any external interference.
 * Unification of Italy
 * Count Camillo di Cavour, a liberal who formed an alliance with France that enabled him to attack Austrian conrol of northern Italian provinces in 1858. This war set of other nationalist movements in the Italian peninsula that united the different nation-states under the Piedmontese King. The power of the Catholic pope was greatly reduced.
 * Unification of Germany
 * Otto van Bismark of Prussia staged a series of wars that expanded Prussian power in Germany. He took the example of Cavour and under the banner of nationalism produced results that were very favorable to his side. He manuevered a pretext for the declaration of war against Austria and eventually, in 1866, Prussia emerged as the supreme German power. The final war against France in 1871 finalized German unity.
 * Zionism
 * A movement established to create a seperate and independent Jewish state in the Holy Land (Palestine). Basically this was an attempt at achieving Jewish sovierngty.
 * Brazilian Independence
 * The Napoleonic War made the Portuguese government move to Rio de Janeiro. When Napoleon was defeated, Dom João VI, left his son Pedro in Brazil with instructions to lead a nationalistic independence movement. As the Portuguese attempted to recolonized Brazil, Pedro "assumed leadership as the constitutional emperor and resisted recolonization efforts.
 * Monroe Doctrine
 * An command by James Monroe in 1823 demanding that European presences ceased their efforts to colonize the Americas. This represents the empowerment United States citizens felt as a result of manifest destiny and the relative prosperity in the Era of Good Feelings.
 * Argentine Republic
 * Residents of Buenos Aires resent economic restrictions put on by Spanish crown, and they began to push for independence in 1810. By 1910 they were free under the leadership of Jose de San Martin.
 * Balkan Nationalism

 Nationalism is the belief that a group of demographically-similiar people are entitled to build their own nation-states; these nation-states are in turn entitled to maintain their own soveringty. Nationalism was a concept that really emerged during the 18th century, specifically during the French revolution. This concept surfaced during the revolution's radical phase, when many French citizens felt an intense loyalty to the newly created regime. This idea helped inspired increased government activism in France, and later on in the rest of Europe. As this concept began to virally spread, nations such as Germany and Italy began to follow suit. In regards to politics, nationalism prompted transformiso, a process in which politicians desired to promote the status quo despite their platforms. Platforms, due to constitutional/governmental issues and then the social question, consisted of theories like socialism, conservatism, liberalism, and radicalism. Most importantly, nationalism led to international conflict. Imperialistic tendencies and desires to maintain one’s prosperity culminated to WWI.

Industrialization

4. Look at the data below and answer the questions that follow

Index Numbers of World Trade (Volume of trade in selected years compared to 1913) Iron Production (1000's Metric Tons) Years of Life Expectancy at Birth
 * Year || Index Number ||
 * 1850 || 10 ||
 * 1870 || 24 ||
 * 1895 || 48 ||
 * 1901 || 67 ||
 * 1911 || 96 ||
 * 1913 || 100 ||
 * || 1830 || 1850 || 1913 ||
 * Britain || 700 || 2,716 || 9,792 ||
 * France || 244 || 1,262 || 4,626 ||
 * Russia || 167 || 231 || 3,870 ||
 * Germany || 111 || 246 || 14,836 ||
 * Country || Year: 1820 || Year: 1900 ||
 * Britain || 40 || 50 ||
 * Average,rest of Western Europe || 36 || 46 ||
 * United States || 39 || 47 ||
 * Japan || 34 || 44 ||
 * Russia || 28 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Latin America || 27 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Asia || 23 || 24 ||
 * Average all Africa || 23 || 24 ||


 * Which of the data sets above do you think is the most significant? Why?
 * I would have to say that iron production of the industrializing nations is the most significant piece of data. Leading up to WWI, iron had a critical role in the development of a nation's infastructure and military capabilities. As we can see, Germany had an enormous surge in the production of iron, and that is why Germany was such a enormous threat to Europe in the early and mid-20th century.
 * Taken together what do these data sets tell us?
 * From these loose pieces of data, we begin to observe real globalization and industrialization, particularly in Europe where nation-states began unifying into empires and economic growth sprouted with success. The momentum given to Europe from the slave trade and the colonization of other nation under the banner of mercantilism gave Europe the upper-hand in the era of unprecedented economic and national growth.

> [|Industrial Revolution Introduction.pdf]
 * 5. Read the following and answer the questions below
 * What was the Industrial revolution?
 * The transformation and evolution of transportation, production, and communication.
 * What was its origins?
 * With the population revolution doubling Europe's population, increasing demand and the availability of cheap raw material helped push for this technological revolution.
 * What were its major effects?
 * Living conditions rose; mortality rates decreased
 * Displacement of most of traditional home production
 * Education of youth
 * More specialized and closely monitored labor
 * Mass leisure culture
 * Liberal social reforms

6. Now referring to your textbook create a chart or mindmap of the effects of Industrialization. You must include the following


 * 1) **Gender roles/issues:** women make up a significant percentage of the work force; feminist movements begin to take ground at the end of the 19th century as women demand for equal rights.
 * 2) **Family Structures:** decline in religion due to leisurely activities; with less time spent at work (more efficient industries), parents spent more time with their families doing leisurely activities and escaping the stress.
 * 3) **Social Structures:** alongside the middle-class was the white-collar labor force; middle class starting reforms in the workplace to create more time for leisure; we see an expansion of the middle class
 * 4) **Chartist Movement:** The "People's Charter," drafted in 1838 by William Lovett, was at the heart of a radical campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequities remaining after the [| Reform Act] of 1832. The Chartists' six main demands were:
 * 5) votes for all men;
 * 6) equal electoral districts;
 * 7) abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners;
 * 8) payment for M.P.s;
 * 9) annual general elections; and
 * 10) the secret ballot.
 * 11) **Mass leisure culture:** called for better wages and less hours; people had more time for themselves; motion pictures became super popular; sporting events became a form of entertainment; leisure caused a decrease in religion among most groups
 * 12) **Romanticism**: artists went against traditional Western beliefs in art and literature; artists were creating abstract work and music was becoming less conventional.
 * 13) **Socialism**: a sociopolitical movement that began in the early 1900s in western Europe; socialists fought against capitalist exploitation of the working masses; fought for state control of production and to create equality.
 * 14) **Communism**: the idea that everyone is equal under the government in all aspects of life; creates a classless and stateless society; prevents one from owning private property.

**Imperialism**
7. Examine the map below and the data that follows - What do they show us?

Extent of Colonial Control


 * ~  ||~ Great Britain ||~ France ||~ Belgium ||~ Netherlands ||~ Germany (1914) ||
 * ~ Area in Square Miles || 94,000 || 212,600 || 11,800 || 13,200 || 210,000 ||
 * ~ Population || 45,500,100 || 42,000,000 || 8,300,000 || 8.500,000 || 67,500,000 ||
 * ~ Area of Colonies || 13,100,000 || 4,300,000 || 940,000 || 790,000 || 1,100,000 ||
 * ~ Population of Colonies || 470,000,000 || 65,000,000 || 13,000,000 || 66,000,000 || 13,000,000 ||

// SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, //European Colonial Expansion Since 1871 //(Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19//

Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers // (1900) //


 * ||~ Percentage Controlled ||~  ||
 * ~ Africa || 90.4% ||
 * ~ Polynesia || 98.9% ||
 * ~ Asia || 56.5% ||
 * ~ Australia || 100.0% ||
 * ~ Americas || 27.2% ||

SOURCE: A. Supan, // Die territoriale Entwicklung der Euroaischen Kolonien // (Gotha, 1906), p. 254

//**8) Define Imperialism in your own words:**//
 * //The desire to control other nations either economically, politically, or socially, therefore infringing on their own soviergnty.//

//**9) What were the motivations for Imperialism?**//
 * Mercantilism: The desire to increase exports by controlling as much raw material as possible.
 * Industrialization:
 * The steam engine allowed ships to go to places they could not before
 * Agricultural production increased allowing for food surpluses
 * Stronger materials such as steel and the availability of iron
 * Economic advantage and the means to maintain **all** advantages
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Dollar" diplomacy
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Social darwinism

While many countries, including but not limited to France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Nations, engaged in Imperialist activity; Great Britain is known above all as the best example of a true imperialist nation. We will examine the actions of Great Britain to gain a better understanding of the nature, extent and effects of Imperialism.

10. Before note-taking, look for the following key terms (not in the glossary!) and define them in your own words.

>> · Sepoys- Indian troops recruited by the British East Indian Co. and constituted their attack force >> · British Raj- Derived from **Rajput,** which were the Indian rulers; the British Raj was a political establishment in India that grew from the international Franco-Anglo rivalry >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Partition of Africa- AKA Scramble for Africa & the Race for Africa, was the constant invasion of Africa during New Imperialism period. >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Berlin Conference - In 1884-1885 which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Settlement Colonies - Type of European overseas possession, ex. British control of Canada and Australia. >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">White Dominions - colonies of Canada and Australia, big in land but was a small percent of the total population of the British Empire. >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cecil Rhodes - English businessman. Mining businessman and politician in South Africa. Founder of a diamond company. >> · <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">James Cook - British explorer, navigator and cartographer. >>
 * · The British East India Company- A trading (joint-stock) company established by capitalist entrepreneurs and granted a monopoly of the Indian Ocean trade by the government. It acted a de facto government with the power to amass an army if it chose to.

11. Now go through your book and complete the graphic organizer below
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || * Began through the East India Company, meddled in local affairs.
 * The British won at Plassey in 1757, which granted them control to the fertile kingdom of Bengal.
 * Utilized loyal sepoys, who were very effective on the battlefield (under British command) || * The Brits used India as a market for goods, much like with the Americas
 * Sati was outlawed and the Indias went through westernization
 * enforced caste system || * Brahams not able to practice sat = not happy
 * Indian society adopts European thinking ||
 * New Zealand || * Spread of disease killed Indigineous peoples
 * Pushed the population back to the interior || * Took control in 1840.
 * || * Settler conflict with indigenous.
 * Also adopt Western values
 * Economic dependency on Great Britain.

12. Write a 1/2 - 1 page summary where you explain the connections between Nationalism, Industrialization and Imperialism

I believe that Nationalism was certainly the characteristic that sparked this Industrial Age. Nationalism unites a specific ethnic group of people together under one nation. People realized this idea of nationalism only after their sovereignty was stripped away by their respective ruling powers. Under feudalism and manorialism, systems that kept the rich rich and the poor poor, the people suffered. In France, the not only did the lower class have no political power, but neither did the middle and even –upper class. Only those of noble blood had power, and people were determined to change that. After realizing what Nationalism was, reformed governments in Europe began united under this very name. After this, Industrialization began taking a heavy role in the building of nations.

Industrialization leads to internal improvement; e.g. education increases, population rises, manufacturing capabilities skyrocket, economies boom. With this surge of activity and development, people begin to take pride in their accomplishments. Therefore, as a result of industrialization, nationalism increased. Subsequently, as nationalism increased, the motives for industrialization increased since a nation wants to get better and remain in the forefront of the world. Thus, the dual process gains more momentum.

The British, perhaps the most powerful imperialist power, took control of territories like India and South Africa in order "to appease the demands of domestic manufacturers". These soveriegn nations (which appeared because of nationalist movements) were also driven by internal competition in Europe - rather than fighting directly against one another for territorial control, they sought to sieze distant lands, convinced that their overseas possessions correlated directly to their economic and political influence.