From+hunter-gatherers+to+civilization


 * 1) Define civilization: Civilization is when a group of people have created communities under one central authority and have formed complex and organized political and economic systems. These people have also developed a common language, culture, and set of religious beliefs.

 Early Civilization -Expanded the limited trade of nomadic hunter-gatherers -Pastoralism and agriculture replaced subsistence foraging and hunting || - eventually Farming was resisted because it was difficult and tedious, but many people converted to farming societies because it provided a stable food supply. Could belong to economics because it’s talking about the economy through a stable food supply caused by a surplus of food. -Surplus grains provided the impetus for the development of specialized occupations, e.g. artisans, administrators, metallurgist, etc. - Women take a lesser role in social life. -The schism between classes increase - Sumerians living in city states, with a king as the ruler led to citizens being more separated from the ruling party. || - Sumerians ruled in city states, with a king as the supreme leader. The government helped regulate religion and enforce duties, and provided a court system in the interests of justice. - Hammurabi’s law established rules of procedures for courts of law, and limited property rights and limited the duties of family setting harsh punishments for crimes. -A land was controlled by three parties, the king, the upper class, and the priest. -Pharaohs exercised immense power || The Sumerian culture soon fell inconquest of the Babylonians who made their own empire. The Mesopotamians who seemed to influence Egypt had many trading roots with Indus river civilization. Civilization in the yellow river were mostly isolated though they did make trading contact with India and other middle eastern civilization. || -Deities devoted to agriculture -Sumerian Ziggurats || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">- Farming development in the middle east because of the new tools. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">-By 9000 B.C.E animals started to be domesticated in the middle east <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">-The first potter’s wheel came to existence around 6000 B.C.E <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">- Metal work was extremely useful to agriculture and herding societies. || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">E || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">-Provided the base for a more complex bartering/goods system
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">S || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">- Development of agriculture led to permanent settlements which increased world population. - is this social? Population is more of a demographic, but new settlements would be considered a social factor. BOOM.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">P || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">- Men assumed all political leadership
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">I || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">Since people lived highly dense population they ended up getting sick, and diseases started to spread. The hunter gatherers were the most affected.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">R || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">The people from the village Catal Huyuk had strong religious beliefs. Their houses reflected those beliefs through the images of the powerful male hunters and “mother Goddesses”
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">I || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">The first potters wheel in 6000 BCE and metal tools, primarily bronze and copper, soon followed in 4000 BCE. ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">T || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">- Our abilities to make and manipulate tools depends directly on what stone age ancestors learned about physical matter.

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">, Chapter 1 Summary:

The Neolithic revolution began around 9000 B.C.E. in the Middle East, and it was basically a gradual evolution of agriculture as a staple of human life. Agriculture allowed people to settle down and begin forming somewhat condense communities. Starting in the Fertile Crescent, agriculture began spreading because of the number of humans it could sustain as opposed to hunter-gatherer methods. Agriculture served as a catalyst for change in early societies because it allowed for profitable trade, created specialized jobs within communities, and inspired the invention of new tools and metals. By 4000 BCE, the bronze age had begun. Metalworking was extremely useful to agriculture because bronze tools made farming so much easier and efficient. Many civilizations emerged around 3000 BCE, but not all were agricultural societies. Catal Hayuk was one of the earliest ones, and it was the first to develop cunieform, the first form of writing.Civilizations also began to develop in Mesopotamia, the area between the Tirgis and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerians were the first of those civilizations, and they were able to create a number system and complex religious traditions and architecture. The Babylonians, under Hammurabi, were also very similar, stressing the importance of centralized government with a set of strict laws and condense city-states. The Egyptians also created a centralized system under a supreme ruler, the pharaoh. The Egyptians had a government-centered system, but the major foundations of the civilizations were similar nevertheless.The civilizations that sprouted along the river valleys of The Indus and the Huanghe benefited from their ideal geographic locations for trade and agriculture. River valley civilizations began to decline around 1000 B.C.E, and by then they had laid out the basic foundations for the united, classical civilizations to come in the next 500 years.