Muslim+Empires



Ottoman Empire (1450-1750)


 * E || **The Ottoman economy was based on expanding territories and booty captured from battles. **
 * Economic activity was determined by military and commercial activity.
 * The government controls the formation of the **Guild** and the standards of measurements in these Guilds.
 * **People of the book** had a special position in this trade due to dhimmi status.
 * Silver from America brought inflationary problems into the Ottoman economy. ||
 * S || **Social status was mildly based on religion and mostly based upon position, with the military gaining status over time. **
 * The **Janissaries**, a warrior class made to protect the sultan, gain enormous influence in politics and society
 * Janissaries were taken as children and trained and convert to Islam, made into a military elite in battle
 * The **Sultans** were the commanders in chief, but the **wazirs** were generally the most powerful men in the bureaucracy, dictating all of politics.
 * Jews and Christians enjoy as special status, but it wasn't much higher than everyone else.
 * Coffeehouse serve as areas of social and intellectual gatherings that catalyzed the spread of information. ||
 * P || **The Ottoman bureaucracy relied on the military for continued power and strength. **
 * Ottoman **bureaucracy** handled the collect of taxes and provided social services just like its Chinese counterpart.
 * Government was ruled under Islamic **Sharia**, laws dictated by the Quran and **Sunnah**.
 * Arabic remains the dominant language for laws and regulations, but Persian (**Farsi**) gains ground in intellectual arena.
 * The empire retracted from Europe and Russia due to trouble controlling the vast empire.
 * Inheritance of political power becomes a great issue, many battles are fought and many enemies made because of this.
 * Battle of **Lepanto** destroys Muslim possibilities of advancing further into Europe. ||
 * I || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Ottoman empire encompassed Asia, Europe, and Africa all at the same time. Many different cultures formed and many retained their original being. **
 * Muslims and Christians made heavy contact within this period following the fall of Constantinople; many Christians lived in the Ottoman empire.
 * European trade in Africa reduced contact of Arabs with Africans and reduces revenue. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Religion dictates daily life for Muslims in Ottoman empire.**


 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Hagia Sophia becomes mosque
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Religious competition becomes much more vigorous, but religions are domestically at peace. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">I || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Ottomans gradually revive intellectual philosophies lost after the capture of Constantinople . **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Coffeehouses** serves as focal points of intellectual activity. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">T || * Muslim weaponry is advanced, allowing for the greater territorial expansion into Europe.
 * European weaponry soon passed Muslim ones in efficiency, therefore allowing the Europeans to fend of the Muslims. ||

Safavid Empire (1450-1750)




 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">E || The Safavid economy relied on trade with the Chinese and Ottomans.
 * Beautifying Isfahan was a major objective taken on by Safavid princes.
 * Abbas the Great made great improvements in the economy, strengthening the army which the economy relied on greatly. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">S || * The military class, much like the Janissaries, became the elite aristocratic class in Persia.
 * Shahs eventually came to be known as imams, or descendants of Ali.
 * Mullahs were local leaders that directed community activities,
 * Women continued to face legal and social disadvantages. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">P || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px;">The Ottoman bureaucracy relied on the military for continued power and strength. **
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A Sufi named Safi al-Din, the man who gave the Dynasty its name, began a campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread its teachings.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The number of Red Heads (Sufi men with distinctive head gear) grew amidst the chaos following the fall of the Mongols, and they began in the mid-15th century to preach Shia' doctrines.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ismail, a surviving Sufi commander, led his followers to victory on the battlefield; and he was given the title of shah, or emperor.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px;">The Ottoman empire encompassed Asia, Europe, and Africa all at the same time. Many different cultures formed and many retained their original being. **
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muslims and Christians made heavy contact within this period following the fall of Constantinople; many Christians lived in the Ottoman empire.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">European trade in Africa reduced contact of Arabs with Africans and reduces revenue. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Religion dictates daily life for Muslims in Safavid empire.**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Religious competition becomes much more vigorous, but religions are domestically at peace. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I || * ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">T || * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muslim weaponry is advanced, allowing for the greater territorial expansion into Europe.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">European weaponry soon passed Muslim ones in efficiency, therefore allowing the Europeans to fend of the Muslims. ||
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">European weaponry soon passed Muslim ones in efficiency, therefore allowing the Europeans to fend of the Muslims. ||

Mughal Empire (1450-1750)




 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">E || * Relied on the export of textiles and cotton for income and commerce. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">S || * The military elite transformed into a quasi-noble class; had political influence.
 * Akbar encouraged women's rights and sought to demolish the sati practice.
 * Discouraged purdah, or seclusion in one's own home.
 * Overall status of women remains low and declines. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">P || * Founded by Babur, who died in 1530.
 * He was succeeded by young Humayan, who, although exiled, returned to recapture his empire and begin rebuilding.
 * Akbar was his successor, and proved to be one of the most capable leaders of all time.
 * Warrior aristocrats still forms core of the bureaucracy and served as an elite class.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I || * * European trade in Africa reduced contact of Arabs with Africans and reduces revenue.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A truce was made with the Portuguese under Akbar that improved trade and commerce. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Religion dictates daily life for Muslims and Hindus in Mughal empire.**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Religious competition becomes much more vigorous, but religions are domestically at peace.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hindu and Islam are major religions, as seen with Akbar's attempt to condense them into one religion, Din al-Illahi. ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I || * ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">T || * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muslim weaponry is advanced, allowing for the greater territorial expansion into Europe.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">European weaponry soon passed Muslim ones in efficiency, therefore allowing the Europeans to fend of the Muslims.
 * The Mughals spread north and southward under Akbar, an extremely capable leader of military might. ||
 * The Mughals spread north and southward under Akbar, an extremely capable leader of military might. ||